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	<title>bioBlogia &#187; Ecosistemas</title>
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		<title>Las hormigas usan las bacterias para crecer sus jardines</title>
		<link>http://www.bioblogia.com/2009/11/las-hormigas-usan-las-bacterias-para-crecer-sus-jardines/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bioblogia.com/2009/11/las-hormigas-usan-las-bacterias-para-crecer-sus-jardines/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 03:19:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Francisco P. Chávez</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Curiosidades]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medio Ambiente]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bacterias]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ecosistemas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hormigas]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.microbioblogia.com/?p=992</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Así como los humanos dependemos de las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno para hacer crecer nuestros jardines, las hormigas agricultoras hacen lo mismo. Cultivan microorganismos para la alimentación y que tienen muchas cualidades notables para las hormigas. La simbiosis es una estrecha relación entre dos organismos de diferentes epecies.Cuando esta relación es beneficiosa para ambos se [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span id="result_box"><span title="Here's a new one to add to the list: the ant farmers, like their human counterparts, depend on nitrogen-fixing bacteria to make their gardens grow." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> Así como los humanos dependemos de las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno para hacer crecer nuestros jardines, las h</span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="ScienceDaily (Nov. 24, 2009) — Leaf-cutter ants, which cultivate fungus for food, have many remarkable qualities." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">ormigas agricultoras hacen lo mismo. Cultivan microorganismos para la alimentación y que tienen muchas cualidades notables para las hormigas.<br />
</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-994" title="Hormigas" src="http://www.microbioblogia.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Hormigas1-300x225.jpg" alt="Hormigas" width="374" height="279" /></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span id="result_box"><span title="* Fire ant" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"><br />
<span id="more-992"></span> </span><span title="Here's a new one to add to the list: the ant farmers, like their human counterparts, depend on nitrogen-fixing bacteria to make their gardens grow." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">La simbiosis es una estrecha relación entre dos organismos de diferentes epecies.Cuando esta relación es beneficiosa para ambos se considera mutualismo. Agregeuna nueva relación </span></span><span id="result_box"><span title="Here's a new one to add to the list: the ant farmers, like their human counterparts, depend on nitrogen-fixing bacteria to make their gardens grow." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">a la lista de ejemplos en que se muestra este fenómeno. </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="The finding, reported Nov. 20 in the journal Science, documents a previously unknown symbiosis between ants and bacteria and provides insight into how leaf-cutter ants have come to dominate the American tropics and subtropics." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">El hallazgo, publicado 20 de noviembre en la revista <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org"><em>Science</em></a>, documenta una una simbiosis desconocida entre las hormigas y las bacterias. Esta relación proporciona una explicación a cómo las hormigas cortadoras de hojas han llegado a dominar los trópicos americanos y los subtrópicos. </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="The finding, reported Nov. 20 in the journal Science, documents a previously unknown symbiosis between ants and bacteria and provides insight into how leaf-cutter ants have come to dominate the American tropics and subtropics." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"></p>
<p></span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="What's more, the work, conducted by a team led by University of Wisconsin-Madison bacteriologist Cameron Currie, identifies what is likely the primary source of terrestrial nitrogen in the tropics, a setting where nutrients are otherwise scarce." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">El trabajo, realizado por un equipo dirigido por el Dr. </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="What's more, the work, conducted by a team led by University of Wisconsin-Madison bacteriologist Cameron Currie, identifies what is likely the primary source of terrestrial nitrogen in the tropics, a setting where nutrients are otherwise scarce." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Cameron Currie de </span></span><span id="result_box"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="What's more, the work, conducted by a team led by University of Wisconsin-Madison bacteriologist Cameron Currie, identifies what is likely the primary source of terrestrial nitrogen in the tropics, a setting where nutrients are otherwise scarce." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">la Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, identificó lo que probablemente sea la principal fuente de nitrógeno terrestre en los trópicos, un lugar donde los nutrientes son escasos.</p>
<p></span><span title="&quot;Nitrogen is a limiting resource,&quot; says Garret Suen, a UW-Madison postdoctoral fellow and a co-author of the new study." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">&#8220;El nitrógeno es un recurso limitado&#8221;, dice Garret Suen, de UW-Madison coautor del nuevo estudio. </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="&quot;If you don't have it, you can't survive.&quot;" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">&#8220;Si no lo tiene, no puede sobrevivir&#8221;.</p>
<p></span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="Indeed, the partnership between ant and microbe permits leaf-cutters to be amazingly successful." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">De hecho, la asociación entre las hormigas y los microbios fue de un éxito sorprendente. </span><span title="Their underground nests, some the size of small houses, can harbor millions of inhabitants." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Sus nidos subterráneos, algunos del tamaño de casas pequeñas, puede albergar a millones de habitantes. </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="In the Amazon forest they comprise four times more biomass than do all land animals combined." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">En la selva amazónica que comprende cuatro veces más biomasa que todos los animales de la tierra combinados. </span><span title="&quot;This is the first indication of bacterial garden symbionts in the fungus-growing ant system,&quot; says Currie, a UW-Madison professor of bacteriology." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"></p>
<p></span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="A critical finding in the new study, according to the Wisconsin scientist, is that the nitrogen, which is extracted from the air by the bacteria, ends up in the ants themselves and, ultimately, benefits the nitrogen-poor ecosystems where the ants thrive." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Un hallazgo importante en el nuevo estudio, de acuerdo con los científicos de Wisconsin, es que el nitrógeno, que es extraído del aire por las bacterias, termina en las hormigas mismas y, en última instancia, para los ecosistemas pobres, donde las hormigas prosperan.</p>
<p></span><span title="The fungus-growing ants, Currie notes, are technically herbivores." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">El hormigas son técnicamente herbívoras. </span><span title="They make their living by carving up foliage and carrying it back to their nests in endless columns to provide the raw material for the fungus they grow as food." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Ellos se ganan la vida, repartiéndose el follaje y llevandolo de vuelta a sus nidos en las largas columnas para proporcionar la materia prima para el microbio que crece en los alimentos. </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="&quot;But plant-feeding insects are known to be nitrogen limited,&quot; explains Currie, &quot;and the plant biomass nitrogen is lower than what the insects need for survival.&quot;" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">&#8220;Pero los insectos que se alimentan de las plantas son conocidos por ser de nitrógeno limitados&#8221;, explica Currie, &#8220;y el nitrógeno de la biomasa de las plantas es menor del que los insectos necesitan para sobrevivir.&#8221;</p>
<p></span><span title="Enter the nitrogen-fixing bacteria, two species of which were isolated in laboratory and field colonies of the ants." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Fue</span><span title="It was necessary to prove that the ants were actually utilizing the nutrient to confirm a true mutualism." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> necesario demostrar que las hormigas eran en realidad la que suminitraban el nitrógeno para confirmar un mutualismo de verdad.</p>
<p></span><span title="&quot;This is important because it could be that the bacteria are fixing nitrogen for themselves and not actually benefiting the ants,&quot; says Suen." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">&#8220;Esto es importante porque podría ser que las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno por sí mismos y no que realmente beneficiara a las hormigas&#8221;. Los investigadores mosraron </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="&quot;Showing that the nitrogen fixed by the bacteria is incorporated into the ants establishes that these bacteria aren't just transient visitors.&quot;" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">que el nitrógeno fijado por las bacterias se incorpora a las hormigas lo que afirma que estas bacterias no son sólo visitantes transitorios.&#8221;</p>
<p></span><span title="One other type of insect, the termite, has been previously shown to utilize nitrogen-fixing bacteria." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">En otro tipo de insecto, las termitas, se ha demostrado previamente que utilizan bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno.</span><span title="And other bacteria-ant symbioses have been documented." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"></p>
<p></span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="However, the discovery of the nitrogen-fixing mutualism in ants has significant ecological implications given the dominance of ants in virtually all of the word's terrestrial ecosystems." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Sin embargo, el descubrimiento de la fijación de nitrógeno en el mutualismo hormigas tiene importantes consecuencias ecológicas dada la posición dominante de las hormigas en prácticamente todos los ecosistemas terrestres de la Tierra. </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="The new work suggests that an important source of nitrogen in the American tropics and subtropics is derived through the partnership of ant and bacteria." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">El nuevo trabajo sugiere que una fuente importante del nitrógeno en los trópicos americanos y los subtrópicos se obtiene a través de la asociación de as hormigas y las bacterias. </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="The partnership with bacteria, which Currie says could extend back to the origins of the gardening ants some 50 million years ago, confers a competitive edge that has permitted the leaf-cutters to prevail in their environments." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"><br />
</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;" title="The partnership with bacteria, which Currie says could extend back to the origins of the gardening ants some 50 million years ago, confers a competitive edge that has permitted the leaf-cutters to prevail in their environments." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Referencia</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Duur K. Aanen, Henrik H. de Fine Licht, Alfons J. M. Debets, Niels A. G. Kerstes, Rolf F. Hoekstra, and Jacobus J. Boomsma. <strong>High Symbiont Relatedness Stabilizes Mutualistic Cooperation in Fungus-Growing Termites</strong>. <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/326/5956/1103.pdf"><em>Science</em> 20 Noviembre 2009: 1103-1106.</a></p>
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